Alloy steel is steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in total amounts between 1.0% and 50% by weight to improve its mechanical properties. Alloy steels are broken down into two groups: low-alloy steels and high-alloy steels. The difference between the two is somewhat arbitrary: Smith and Hashemi define the difference at 4.0%, while Degarmo, et al., define it at 8.0%.[1][2] Most commonly, the phrase "alloy steel" refers to low-alloy steels.
Strictly speaking, every steel is an alloy, but not all steels are called "alloy steels". The simplest steels are iron (Fe) alloyed with carbon (C) (about 0.1% to 1%, depending on type). However, the term "alloy steel" is the standard term referring to steels with other alloying elements added deliberately in addition to the carbon. Common alloyants include manganese (the most common one), nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and boron. Less common alloyants include aluminum, cobalt, copper, cerium, niobium, titanium, tungsten, tin, zinc, lead, andzirconium.
The following is a range of improved properties in alloy steels (as compared to carbon steels):strength, hardness, toughness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, hardenability, and hot hardness. To achieve some of these improved properties the metal may require heat treating.
Some of these find uses in exotic and highly-demanding applications, such as in the turbine blades of jet engines, in spacecraft, and in nuclear reactors. Because of the ferromagneticproperties of iron, some steel alloys find important applications where their responses tomagnetism are very important, including in electric motors and in transformers.
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British Standards - 300 Series- 400 Series -PH Grades- Special Steels- Alloy Steel / Aircraft Steel - Miscellaneous Grade
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Bristish Aerospace |
Commerical |
US Aerospace/ |
US Commercial |
European |
UNS |
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BS 7S1 |
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MIL-S-16974 E 1040 |
AISI 1030 |
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BS 4 S14 |
045M10 |
MIL-S-16974E-1 1015 |
AISI 1012 |
AFNOR CC10 |
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BS 5S15 |
EN33 |
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WS 1.5637 |
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BS 5S21 |
060A15 |
AMS 5070 |
AISI 1022 |
AFNOR XC18SN |
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BS 4S28 |
835M30 |
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AFNOR 30NCD16 |
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BS 3S61 |
403S17 |
AMS 5613 |
AISI 410 |
AFNOR Z12C13 |
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BS 3S62 |
420S37 (EN56C) |
MIL-S-862B 420 |
AISI 420 |
AFNOR Z20C13 |
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BS 7S80 |
431S29 |
AMS 5628 |
AISI 431 |
Z15CN17-03 |
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BS 5S82 |
835A15 / 835M15 / 835H15 |
AMS 6264 |
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AFNOR 16NCD17 |
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BS 2S92 |
150M19 |
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AISI 1024 / SAE 1024 |
WS 1.5065 |
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BS 2S93 |
060A37 |
AMS 5080E |
AISI 1035 / SAE 1035 |
AFNOR CC45 |
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BS 2S97 |
826M31 |
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30NiCrMo12 |
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BS 2S98 |
824M40 |
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WS 1.6745 |
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BS S99 |
826M40 |
S99 |
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WS 1.6745 |
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BS 4S106 |
722M24 |
S98 |
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WS 1.7365 |
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BS 2S120 |
826M31 |
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BS S124 |
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BS S126 |
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BS 2S129 |
321S20 |
AMS 5645 |
AISI 321 / SAE 30321 |
AFNOR Z10CNT18-11 |
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BS 2S130 |
347S17 |
AMS 5646 |
AISI 347 / SAE 303047 |
AFNOR Z26CrNb18-11 |
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BS 3S132 |
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BS S134 |
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BS 2S135 |
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BS 2S140 |
817M40 |
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30NiCrMo12 |
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BS S141 |
410S21 |
AMS 5613 |
AISI 410 / SAE 51410 |
AFNOR Z10C13 |
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BS S142 |
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AFNOR 25CD4 |
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BS 2S143 |
FV520B |
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BS 2S144 |
FV520B |
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BS 3S145 |
FV520B |
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BS S150 |
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BS S151 |
Jethete M152 |
AMS 5719 |
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WS 1.4933 |
UNS S64152 |
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BS S154 |
826M31 |
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30NiCrMo12 |
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BS S155 |
300M |
AMS 6257 |
SAE E4340M |
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BS S157 |
832M13 / 832H13 |
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AFNOR 16NCD16 |
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BS S159 |
Jethete M152 |
AMS 5719 |
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WS 1.4933 |
UNS S64152 |
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BS S162 |
Maraging 250 |
AMS 6512 |
MIL-S-1.6359 |
WS 1.6359 |
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BS S510 |
060A20 |
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AISI 1020 / SAE 1020 |
AFNOR XC18 |
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BS S511 |
EN2A |
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BS S514 |
EN14A / EN14B |
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BS S516 |
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WS 1.0912 |
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BS S518 |
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BS S524 (Ti stabilised) |
321 |
AMS 5689 |
SAE 30321 |
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BS S526 (Ti stabilised) |
321S31 |
AMS 5689 |
SAE 30321 |
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BS S527 (Nb stabilised) |
347S17 |
AMS 5512 |
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WS 1.4546 |
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BS S534 |
4130 |
AMS 6350 |
AISI 4130 |
WS 1.7214 |
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BS S535 |
4130 |
AMS 6350 |
AISI 4130 |
WS 1.7214 |
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BS T45 |
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BS T60 |
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BS T64 |
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BS T66 |
347 |
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Z10CNNb18-11 |
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BS T67 |
321 |
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WS 1.4541 |
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BS T68 |
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BS T72 |
347 |
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DTD 5082 |
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AFNOR 25C04 |
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FORTIWELD |
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Provide all grade of these alloy by different shape & size is Our expertise
For any inquiry & request, don't hesitate to contact us
300 Series
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Grade |
US Aerospace/Military |
US Commercial |
British Specification |
European Specification |
Other |
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301 Annealed |
AMS 5901 Annealed sheet /strip |
ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 |
BS 970; 301S21 |
WS 1.4324 |
UNS S30100 |
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301 1/4 Hard |
AMS 5517 1/4 Hard Sheet /Strip |
ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 |
BS 970; 301S21 |
WS 1.4324 |
UNS S30100 |
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301 1/2 Hard |
AMS 5518 1/2 Hard Sheet / Strip |
ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 |
BS 970; 301S21 |
WS 1.4324 |
UNS S30100 |
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301 Full Hard |
AMS 5519 Full Hard Sheet / Strip |
ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 |
BS 970; 301S21 |
WS 1.4324 |
UNS S30100 |
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302 |
AMS 5500 Laminated sheet |
ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 |
BS 970; 302S25 / 302S17 |
WS 1.4300 |
UNS S30302 |
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303 |
AMS 5635 303Pb Bar / forging |
ASTM A320 Grade B8F Cl1 |
BS 970; 303S21 |
WS 1.4305 |
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304 304 Tube |
AMS 5501 Sheet / strip 125ksi |
ASTM A276 / ASME SA276 |
BS 970; 304S31 / 304S12 |
WS 1.4306 |
UNS S30400 |
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309 |
AMS 5523 Sheet / strip / plate |
ASTM A276 / ASME SA276 |
BS 970; 309S24 |
WS 1.4828 |
UNS 30900 (309) |
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310 |
AMS 5521 Sheet / strip / plate |
ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 |
BS 970; 310S24 |
WS 1.4842 |
UNS S31000 (310) |
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316 |
AMS 5507 Sheet / strip/ plate (316L) |
ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 |
BS 970; 316S31 / 316S12 |
WS 1.4401 |
UNS S31600 |
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317 |
QQ-S-763 |
ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 |
BS 970; 317S16 / 317S12 |
WS 1.4438 |
UNS S31700 (317) |
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321 |
AMS 5510 Sheet / strip / plate |
ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 |
BS 2S129 |
WS 1.4541 |
UNS S32100 |
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330 |
AMS 5592 Sheet / strip/ plate |
ASTM B511 / ASME SB511 |
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WS 1.4886 |
UNS N08330 |
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347 |
AMS 5512 Sheet / strip / plate |
ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 |
BS 2S130 |
WS 1.4544 |
UNS S30347 |
Provide all grade of these alloy by different shape & size is Our expertise
For any inquiry & request, don't hesitate to contact us
400 Series
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Grade |
US Aerospace/Military |
US Commercial |
British Specification |
European Specification |
Other |
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410 |
AMS 5504 Sheet / strip / plate |
ASTM A176 / ASME SA176 |
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UNS S41000 |
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416 |
AMS 5610 T2 Bar (free machining) |
ASTM A484 / ASME SA484 |
BS 970; 416S29 / 416S37 / 416S41 |
WS 1.4005 |
UNS S41600 |
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420 |
AMS 5506 Sheet / strip / plate |
ASTM A276 / ASME SA276 |
BS 970; 420S37 / 420S29 / 420S45 |
WS 1.3541 |
UNS S42000 |
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420F |
AMS 5620 Bars (free machining) |
ASTM A582 /ASME SA582 |
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UNS 42020 |
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422 |
AMS 5655 Bars / wire/ forging H&T |
ASTM A565 Grade 616 |
BS 970; 442S19 |
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UNS S42200 |
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430 |
AMS 5627 Bars / wire / forgings |
ASTM A276 / ASME SA276 |
BS 970; 430S17 / 430S15 |
WS 1.4016 |
UNS S43000 |
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431 |
AMS 5628 Bars / wire / forgings |
STM A276 / ASME SA276 |
BS 7S80 |
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UNS S43100 |
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440A |
AMS 5631 Bars / wire / forgings |
ASTM A276 / ASME SA276 |
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UNS S44002 |
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440B |
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AISI 440B |
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WS 1.4112 |
UNS S44003 |
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440C |
AMS 5618 Bars / wire / forging (VM) |
ASTM A276 / ASME SA276 |
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WS 1.4125 |
UNS S44004 |
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446 |
QQ-S-763 |
ASTM A276 / ASME SA276 |
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WS 1.4749 |
UNS S44600 |
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455 |
AMS 5578 Welded tube |
ASTM A564 / ASME SB564 |
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UNS 45500 |
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465 |
AMS 5936 Bar / wire / forging |
ASTM A693 |
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UNS S46500 |
Provide all grade of these alloy by different shape & size is Our expertise
For any inquiry & request, don't hesitate to contact us
PH Grades
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Grade |
US Aerospace/Military |
US Commercial |
British Specification |
European Specification |
Other |
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13-8Mo |
AMS 5629 Type 1 Vac Melt |
ASTM A 564 Grade XM13 |
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UNS S13800 |
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15-5Ph |
AMS 5659 Bars / Forgings |
ASTM A484 / ASME SA484 |
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WS 1.4545 |
UNS S15500 |
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15-7Mo |
AMS 5520 Sheet / strip / plate |
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UNS S15700 |
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17-4Ph |
AMS 5604 Sheet / Strip / Plate |
ASTM A564 Grade 630 |
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WS 1.4542 |
UNS S17400 |
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17-7Ph |
AMS 5528 Sheet / Strip / Plate |
ASTM A313 / ASME SA313 |
BS S528 |
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UNS S17700 |
Provide all grade of these alloy by different shape & size is Our expertise
For any inquiry & request, don't hesitate to contact us
Special Steels
|
Grade |
US Aerospace/Military |
US Commercial |
British Specification |
European Specification |
Other |
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Jethete M152 |
AMS 5719 Bars / wire |
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BS S151 |
WS 1.4933 |
UNS S64152 |
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AM 350 |
AMS 5546 Sheet /strip (cold rolled) |
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AM 355 |
AMS 5547 Sheet / Strip |
ASTM A484 / ASME SA484 |
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UNS S35500 |
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Greek Ascoloy |
AMS 5616 Bar / Forgings / Wire |
AISI 615 |
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UNS S41800 |
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A286 |
AMS 5525 Sheet / Stirp / Plate |
ASTM A638 660 Type 1 |
BS HR51 Bar 1800°F Sol Trtd /Aged |
AECMA PrEN 2171 |
UNS S66286 |
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Nitronic 40 |
AMS 5656 Bar / Wire |
ASTM A276 / ASME SA276 |
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UNS S21906 |
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Nitronic 50 |
AMS 5764 Bar / Forgings / Rings |
ASTM A314 / ASME SA314 |
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UNS S20910 |
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Nitronic 60 |
AMS 5848 Bar / Forgings/ Wire |
ASTM A193 Grade B8S |
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UNS S21800 |
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Duplex F51 |
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ASTM A182 F51 / F60 |
BS 318S13 (Wrought) |
WS 1.4462 |
UNS S31803 |
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Super Duplex F53 |
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ASTM A182 F53 |
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WS 1.4410 |
UNS S32750 |
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Super Duplex F55 |
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ASTM A182 F55 |
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WS 1.4501 |
UNS S32760 |
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254SMO |
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WS 1.4547 |
UNS S31254 |
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904L |
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WS 1.4539 |
UNS N08904 |
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Maraging 250 |
AMS 6512 Bars / Forgings |
ASTM A646 |
BS S162 |
WS 1.6359 |
UNS K92890 |
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Maraging 300 |
AMS 6514 Bars / Forgings |
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WS 1.6354 |
K93120 |
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Maraging 350 |
AMS 6515 |
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WS 1.6356 |
Maraging C350 |
Provide all grade of these alloy by different shape & size is Our expertise
For any inquiry & request, don't hesitate to contact us
Alloy Steel / Aircraft Steel
|
Grade |
US Aerospace/Military |
US Commercial |
British Specification |
European Specification |
Other |
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AMS 6345 Sheet / Plate, Normalised |
AISI 4130 |
S534 |
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UNS G41300 |
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4140 Ann |
AMS 6349 |
ASTM S331 |
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UNS G41400 |
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4140 Normalised |
AMS 6349 |
ASTM A322 |
708M40 |
1.7225 |
UNS G41400 |
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4330 Mod VM N&T |
AMS 6411 |
ASTM A646 |
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UNS K23080 |
|
4340 |
AMS 6359 Sheet / strip / plate |
ASTM A322 |
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BMS-7-28 |
|
4620 Vac Melt |
AMS 6294 |
ASTM A331 |
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UNS G46200 |
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52100 |
AMS 6440 |
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UNS G52986 |
|
6150 Vac Melt Ann |
AMS 6448 |
ASTM A322 |
|
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UNS G61500 |
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8740 |
AMS 6322 |
ASTM A331 |
|
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UNS G87400 |
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9-4-30 Vac Melt N&T |
AMS 6526 |
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UNS K91283 |
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9310 |
AMS 6260 |
ASTM A322 |
|
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UNS G93106 |
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D-6AC Vac Melt N&T |
AMS 6431 |
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UNS K24728 |
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H-11 Vac Melt N&T |
AMS 6485 |
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T20811 |
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HY-TUF N&T |
AMS 6418 |
ASTM A322 |
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K32550 |
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Nitriding N&T 135 Mod |
AMS 6470 |
ASTM A322 |
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300M VAR |
AMS 6257 Bars / Forgings N&T |
ASTM A604 |
S155 |
|
BMS-7-26-Cl1 |
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15CDV6 |
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WS 1.7734.2 |
15CrMoV6 |
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35NCD16 |
|
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WS 1.6773 |
NCT10-123-11MD |
Provide all grade of these alloy by different shape & size is Our expertise
For any inquiry & request, don't hesitate to contact us
|
Grade |
US Aerospace/Military |
US Commercial |
British Specification |
European Specification |
Other |
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AFNOR Z10CNW17 |
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BS 4S28 |
WS 1.2766 |
|
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25CrMo4 |
708M25 |
AISI 4130 |
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WS 1.7218 |
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Alloy 20 |
ASTM B473 |
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Miscellaneous Grade (not cross references)
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British Specifications |
U.S. Specifications |
European Specifications |
|
BS 3S95 / MSRR 6017 |
AMS 5514 305 Sheet / strip / plate |
AFNOR Z12CN25-20; BS 312S24 |
Provide all grade of these alloy by different shape & size is Our expertise
For any inquiry & request, don't hesitate to contact us
Steel alloy Stainless Steel Alloy
The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) defines carbon steel as follows:Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, columbium [niobium], molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; when the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40 per cent; or when the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60, copper 0.60.
Steels can be classified by a variety of different systems depending on:
· The composition, such as carbon, low-alloy or stainless steel.
· The manufacturing methods, such as open hearth, basic oxygen process, or electric furnace methods.
· The finishing method, such as hot rolling or cold rolling
· The product form, such as bar plate, sheet, strip, tubing or structural shape
· The deoxidation practice, such as killed, semi-killed, capped or rimmed steel
· The microstructure, such as ferritic, pearlitic and martensitic
· The required strength level, as specified in ASTM standards
· The heat treatment, such as annealing, quenching and tempering, and thermomechanical processing
· Quality descriptors, such as forging quality and commercial quality.
Carbon Steels
The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) defines carbon steel as follows:
Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, columbium [niobium], molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; when the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40 per cent; or when the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60, copper 0.60.
Carbon steel can be classified, according to various deoxidation practices, as rimmed, capped, semi-killed, or killed steel. Deoxidation practice and the steelmaking process will have an effect on the properties of the steel. However, variations in carbon have the greatest effect on mechanical properties, with increasing carbon content leading to increased hardness and strength. As such, carbon steels are generally categorized according to their carbon content. Generally speaking, carbon steels contain up to 2% total alloying elements and can be subdivided into low-carbon steels, medium-carbon steels, high-carbon steels, and ultrahigh-carbon steels; each of these designations is discussed below.
As a group, carbon steels are by far the most frequently used steels. More than 85% of the steel produced and shipped in the United States is carbon steel.
Low-carbon steels contain up to 0.30% C. The largest category of this class of steel is flat-rolled products (sheet or strip), usually in the cold-rolled and annealed condition. The carbon content for these high-formability steels is very low, less than 0.10% C, with up to 0.4% Mn. Typical uses are in automobile body panels, tin plate, and wire products.
For rolled steel structural plates and sections, the carbon content may be increased to approximately 0.30%, with higher manganese content up to 1.5%. These materials may be used for stampings, forgings, seamless tubes, and boiler plate.
Medium-carbon steels are similar to low-carbon steels except that the carbon ranges from 0.30 to 0.60% and the manganese from 0.60 to 1.65%. Increasing the carbon content to approximately 0.5% with an accompanying increase in manganese allows medium carbon steels to be used in the quenched and tempered condition. The uses of medium carbon-manganese steels include shafts, axles, gears, crankshafts, couplings and forgings. Steels in the 0.40 to 0.60% C range are also used for rails, railway wheels and rail axles.
High-carbon steels contain from 0.60 to 1.00% C with manganese contents ranging from 0.30 to 0.90%. High-carbon steels are used for spring materials and high-strength wires.
Ultrahigh-carbon steels are experimental alloys containing 1.25 to 2.0% C. These steels are thermomechanically processed to produce microstructures that consist of ultrafine, equiaxed grains of spherical, discontinuous proeutectoid carbide particles.
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels
High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, or microalloyed steels, are designed to provide better mechanical properties and/or greater resistance to atmospheric corrosion than conventional carbon steels in the normal sense because they are designed to meet specific mechanical properties rather than a chemical composition.
The HSLA steels have low carbon contents (0.05-0.25% C) in order to produce adequate formability and weldability, and they have manganese contents up to 2.0%. Small quantities of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, nitrogen, vanadium, niobium, titanium and zirconium are used in various combinations.
HSLA Classification:
· Weathering steels, designated to exhibit superior atmospheric corrosion resistance
· Control-rolled steels, hot rolled according to a predetermined rolling schedule, designed to develop a highly deformed austenite structure that will transform to a very fine equiaxed ferrite structure on cooling
· Pearlite-reduced steels, strengthened by very fine-grain ferrite and precipitation hardening but with low carbon content and therefore little or no pearlite in the microstructure
· Microalloyed steels, with very small additions of such elements as niobium, vanadium, and/or titanium for refinement of grain size and/or precipitation hardening
· Acicular ferrite steel, very low carbon steels with sufficient hardenability to transform on cooling to a very fine high-strength acicular ferrite structure rather than the usual polygonal ferrite structure
· Dual-phase steels, processed to a micro-structure of ferrite containing small uniformly distributed regions of high-carbon martensite, resulting in a product with low yield strength and a high rate of work hardening, thus providing a high-strength steel of superior formability.
The various types of HSLA steels may also have small additions of calcium, rare earth elements, or zirconium for sulfide inclusion shape control.
Low-alloy Steels
Low-alloy steels constitute a category of ferrous materials that exhibit mechanical properties superior to plain carbon steels as the result of additions of alloying elements such as nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. Total alloy content can range from 2.07% up to levels just below that of stainless steels, which contain a minimum of 10% Cr.
For many low-alloy steels, the primary function of the alloying elements is to increase hardenability in order to optimize mechanical properties and toughness after heat treatment. In some cases, however, alloy additions are used to reduce environmental degradation under certain specified service conditions.
As with steels in general, low-alloy steels can be classified according to:
· Chemical composition, such as nickel steels, nickel-chromium steels, molybdenum steels, chromium-molybdenum steels
· Heat treatment, such as quenched and tempered, normalized and tempered, annealed.
Because of the wide variety of chemical compositions possible and the fact that some steels are used in more than one heat-treated, condition, some overlap exists among the alloy steel classifications. In this article, four major groups of alloy steels are addressed: (1) low-carbon quenched and tempered (QT) steels, (2) medium-carbon ultrahigh-strength steels, (3) bearing steels, and (4) heat-resistant chromium-molybdenum steels.
Low-carbon quenched and tempered steels combine high yield strength (from 350 to 1035 MPa) and high tensile strength with good notch toughness, ductility, corrosion resistance, or weldability. The various steels have different combinations of these characteristics based on their intended applications. However, a few steels, such as HY-80 and HY-100, are covered by military specifications. The steels listed are used primarily as plate. Some of these steels, as well as other, similar steels, are produced as forgings or castings.
Medium-carbon ultrahigh-strength steels are structural steels with yield strengths that can exceed 1380 MPa. Many of these steels are covered by SAE/AISI designations or are proprietary compositions. Product forms include billet, bar, rod, forgings, sheet, tubing, and welding wire.
Bearing steels used for ball and roller bearing applications are comprised of low carbon (0.10 to 0.20% C) case-hardened steels and high carbon (-1.0% C) through-hardened steels. Many of these steels are covered by SAE/AISI designations.
Chromium-molybdenum heat-resistant steels contain 0.5 to 9% Cr and 0.5 to 1.0% Mo. The carbon content is usually below 0.2%. The chromium provides improved oxidation and corrosion resistance, and the molybdenum increases strength at elevated temperatures. They are generally supplied in the normalized and tempered, quenched and tempered or annealed condition. Chromium-molybdenum steels are widely used in the oil and gas industries and in fossil fuel and nuclear power plants.
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Disclaimer
Every effort is made to ensure that technical specifications are accurate. However, technical specifications included herein should be used as a guideline only. All specifications are subject to change without notice.
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