Abstract:
Nickel in elemental form or alloyed with other metals and materials has made significant contributions to our present-day society and promises to continue to supply materials for an even more demanding future.
Nickel is a versatile element and will alloy with most metals. Complete solid solubility exists between nickel and copper. Wide solubility ranges between iron, chromium, and nickel make possible many alloy combinations...
Nickel has been used in alloys that date back to the dawn of civilization. Chemical analysis of artifacts has shown that weapons, tools, and coins contain nickel in varying amounts.
Nickel in elemental form or alloyed with other metals and materials has made significant contributions to our present-day society and promises to continue to supply materials for an even more demanding future.
Nickel is a versatile element and will alloy with most metals. Complete solid solubility exists between nickel and copper. Wide solubility ranges between iron, chromium, and nickel make possible many alloy combinations.
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Applications and Characteristics of Nickel Alloys
Nickel and nickel alloys are used for a wide variety of applications, the majority of which involve corrosion resistance and/or heat resistance. Some of these include:
· Aircraft gas turbines
· Steam turbine power plants
· Medical applications
· Nuclear power systems
· Chemical and petrochemical industries
A number of other applications for nickel alloys involve the unique physical properties of special-purpose nickel-base or high-nickel alloys. These include:
· Low-expansion alloys
· Electrical resistance alloys
· Soft magnetic alloys
· Shape memory alloys
Heat-Resistant Applications. Nickel-base alloys are used in many applications where they are subjected to harsh environments at high temperatures. Nickel-chromium alloys or alloys that contain more than about 15% Cr are used to provide both oxidation and carburization resistance at temperatures exceeding 760°C.
Corrosion Resistance. Nickel-base alloys offer excellent corrosion resistance to a wide range of corrosive media. However, as with all types of corrosion, many factors influence the rate of attack. The corrosive media itself is the most important factor governing corrosion of a particular metal.
Low-Expansion Alloys Nickel was found to have a profound effect on the thermal expansion of iron. Alloys can be designed to have a very low thermal expansion or display uniform and predictable expansion over certain temperature ranges.
Iron-36% Ni alloy (Invar) has the lowest expansion of the Fe-Ni alloys and maintains nearly constant dimensions during normal variations in atmospheric temperature.
The addition of cobalt to the nickel-iron matrix produces alloys with a low coefficient of expansion, a constant modulus of elasticity, and high strength.
Electrical Resistance Alloys. Several alloy systems based on nickel or containing high nickel contents are used in instruments and control equipment to measure and regulate electrical characteristics (resistance alloys) or are used in furnaces and appliances to generate heat (heating alloys).
Types of resistance alloys containing nickel include:
· Cu-Ni alloys containing 2 to 45% Ni
· Ni-Cr-Al alloys containing 35 to 95% Ni
· Ni-Cr-Fe alloys containing 35 to 60% Ni
· Ni-Cr-Si alloys containing 70 to 80% Ni
Types of resistance heating alloys con-taining nickel include:
· Ni-Cr alloys containing 65 to 80% Ni with 1.5% Si
· Ni-Cr-Fe alloys containing 35 to 70% Ni with 1.5% Si + l% Nb
Soft Magnetic Alloys. Two broad classes of magnetically soft materials have been developed in the Fe-Ni system. The high-nickel alloys (about 79% Ni with 4 to 5% Mo; bal Fe) have high initial permeability and low saturation induction.
Shape Memory Alloys.Metallic materials that demonstrate the ability to return to their previously defined shape when subjected to the appropriate heating schedule are referred to as shape memory alloys. Nickel-titanium alloys (50Ni-50Ti) are one of the few commercially important shape memory alloys.
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Commercial Nickel and Nickel Alloys
The commercial forms of nickel and nickel-base alloys are fully austenitic and are used/selected mainly for their resistance to high temperature and aqueous corrosion.
Commercially Pure and Low-Alloy Nickels. Nickel is supplied to the producers of nickel alloys in powder, pellets, or anode forms. This has led to a whole series ofalloy modifications, with controlled compositions having nickel contents ranging from about 94% to virtually 100%.
These materials are characterized by high density, offering magnetic and electronic property capabilities. They also offer excellent corrosion resistance to reducing environments, along with reasonable thermal transfer characteristics. Some nickels of commercial importance include: Nickel 200, Nickel 201, Nickel 205, Nickel 270 and 290, Permanickel Alloy 300, Duranickel Alloy 301.
Nickel-copper alloys have been found to possess excellent corrosion resistance in reducing chemical environments and in sea water, where they deliver excellent service in nuclear submarines and various surface vessels. By changing the various proportions of nickel and copper in the alloy, a whole series of alloys with different electrical resistivities and Curie points can be created. Some nickel-copper alloys of commercial importance include: Alloy 400 (66% Ni, 33% Cu), Alloy R-405, Alloy K-500.
The nickel-chromium and nickel-chromium-iron series of alloys led the way to higher strength and resistance to elevated temperatures. Today they also form the basis for both commercial and military power systems. Two ofthe earliest developed Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Fe alloys were:
· Alloy 600 (76Ni-15Cr-8Fe).
· Nimonic alloys (80Ni-20Cr + Ti/Al).
Some high-temperature variants include:
· Alloy 601. Lower nickel (61%) content with aluminum and silicon additions for improved oxidation and nitriding resistance
· Alloy X750. Aluminum and titanium additions for age hardening
· Alloy 718. Titanium and niobium additions to overcome strainage cracking problems during welding and weld repair
· Alloy X (48Ni-22Cr-18Fe-9Mo + W). High-temperature flat-rolled product for aerospace applications
· Waspaloy (60Ni-19Cr-4Mo-3Ti-1.3Al). Proprietary alloy for jet engine applications
Some corrosion-resistant variants in the Ni-Cr-Fe system include:
· Alloy 625. The addition of 9% Mo plus 3% Nb offers both high-temperature and wet corrosion resistance; resists pitting and crevice corrosion
· Alloy G3/G30 (Ni-22Cr-19Fe-7Mo-2Cu). The increased molybdenum content in these alloys offers improved pitting and crevice corrosion resistance
· Alloy C-22 (Ni-22Cr-6Fe-14Mo-4W). Superior corrosion resistance in oxidizing acid chlorides, wet chlorine, and other severe corrosive environments
· Alloy C-276 (17% Mo plus 3.7W). Good seawater corrosion resistance and excellent pitting and crevice corrosion resistance
· Alloy 690 (27% Cr addition). Excellent oxidation and nitric acid resistance; specified for nuclear waste disposal by the vitreous encapsulation method
Iron-Nickel-Chromium Alloys. This series of alloys has also found extensive use in the high-temperature petrochemical environments, where sulfur-containing feedstocks (naphtha and heavy oils) are cracked into component distillate parts. Not only were they resistant to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking, but they also offered resistance to polythionic acid cracking. Some alloys of commercial importance include:
· Alloy 800 (Fe-32Ni-21Cr). The basic alloy in the Fe-Ni-Cr system; resistant to oxidation and carburization at elevated temperatures
· Alloy 800HT. Similar to 800H with further modification to combined titanium and aluminum levels (0.85 to 1.2%) to ensure optimum high-temperature properties
· Alloy 801. Increased titanium content (0.75 to 1.5%); exceptional resistance to polythionic acid cracking
· Alloy 802. High-carbon version (0.2 to 0.5%) for improved strength at high temperatures
· Alloy 825 (Fe-42Ni-21.5Cr-2Cu). Stabilized with titanium addition (0.6 to 1.2%). Also contains molybdenum (3%) for pitting resistance in aqueous corrosion applications. Copper content bestows resistance to sulfuric acid
· Alloy 925. Addition of titanium and aluminum to 825 composition for strengthening through age hardening
The 800 alloy series offers excellent strength at elevated temperature (creep and stress rupture).
Some corrosion variants in the Fe-Ni-Cr system include:
· 20Cb3 (Fe-35Ni-20Cr-3.5Cu-2.5Mo + Nb). This alloy was developed for the handling of sulfuric acid environments
· 20Mo-4 and 20Mo-6 (Fe-36Ni-23Cr-5Mo + Cu). Increased corrosion resistance in pulp and paper industry environments.
Controlled-expansion alloys include alloys in both the Fe-Ni-Cr and Fe-Ni-Co series. Some alloys of commercial importance include:
· Alloy 902 (Fe-42Ni-5Cr with 2.2 to 2.75% Ti and 0.3 to 0.8% Al). This is an alloy with a controllable thermoelastic coefficient
· Alloys 903, 907, 909 (42Fe-38Ni-13Co with varying aging elements such as niobium, titanium, and aluminum). These alloys offer high strength and low coefficient of thermal expansion
The 900 alloy series offers very unusual characteristics and properties. Alloys 903, 907, and 909 were all designed to provide high strength and low coefficient of thermal expansion for applications up to 650 °C.
Nickel-lron Low-Expansion Alloys. This series of alloys plays a very important role in both the lamp industry and electronics, where glass-to-metal seals in encapsulated components are important. The nickel alloys are chosen for a variety of reasons.
Some alloys of commercial importance include:
· Invar (Fe-36Ni). This alloy has the lowest thermal expansion of any metal from ambient to 230°C (450°F)
· Alloy 42 (Fe-42Ni). This alloy has the closest thermal expansion match to alumina, beryllia, and vitreous glass
· Alloy 426. Additions of 6% Cr are added to this alloy for vacuum-tight sealing applications
· Alloy 52 (Fe-51.5Ni). This alloy has a thermal expansion that closely matches vitreous potash-soda-lead glass.
Soft Magnetic Alloys. The nickel-iron alloys also offer an interesting set of magnetic permeability properties, which have played an important part in switchgear and for direct current (dc) motor and generator designs.
Welding Alloys. Welding products for nickel alloys have similar compositions to the base metals, although additions of aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and other elements are made to the filler metals and welding electrodes to ensure proper deoxidation of the molten weld pool and to over-come any hot-short cracking and malleability problems.
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Nickel and High Temperature Alloys
Alloy Name |
Trade Name |
UNS No. |
British Specs |
American Specs |
German Specs |
French Specs |
Alloy 200 |
Nickel 200 |
UNS N02200 |
BS 3072 |
ASTM B162 |
WS 2.4060 |
|
Alloy 201 |
Nickel 201 |
UNS N02201 |
BS 3072 |
ASTM B162 |
WS 2.4061 |
|
Alloy 205 |
Nickel 205 |
UNS N02205 |
|
AMS 5555 Wire and Ribbon |
|
|
Alloy 400 |
Monel 400 |
UNS N04400 |
BS 3072 |
AMS 4574 Tube |
|
|
Alloy 405 |
Monel 405 |
UNS N04405 |
|
AMS 4674 Bar and Forgings |
|
|
Alloy 455 |
Custom 455 |
UNS S45500 |
|
AMS 5617 Bar and Forgings |
|
|
Alloy K500 |
Monel K500 |
UNS N05500 |
BS 3072 |
AMS 4676 Bar and Forgings |
WS 2.4375 |
|
Alloy 600 |
Inconel 600 |
UNS N06600 |
BS 3072 |
AMS 5580 (Tube *) |
WS 2.4816 |
AFNOR NC15Fe |
Alloy 601 |
Inconel 601 |
UNS N06601 |
|
AMS 5715 Bar and Forgings |
WS 2.4851 |
|
Alloy 617 |
Inconel 617 |
UNS N06617 |
|
AMS 5887 Bar and Forgings |
WS 2.4663a |
|
Alloy 625 |
Inconel 625 |
UNS N06625 |
BS 3072 |
AMS 5581 Tube |
WS 2.4856 |
AFNOR NC22DNb |
Alloy 706 |
Inconel 706 |
UNS N09706 |
|
AMS 5701 Bar and Forgings |
|
|
Alloy 718 |
Inconel 718 |
UNS N07718 |
|
AMS 5662 Bar and Forgings |
WS 2.4668 |
|
Alloy 722 |
Inconel 722 |
UNS N07722 |
|
AMS 5541 Sheet and Strip |
|
|
Alloy 725 |
Inconel 725 |
UNS N07725 |
|
ASTM B805 |
|
|
Alloy X750 |
Inconel X750 |
UNS N07750 |
|
AMS 5542 Sheet, Strip and Plate |
WS 2.4669 |
|
Alloy X |
Inconel HX |
UNS N06002 |
|
AMS 5536 Sheet, Strip and Plate |
|
|
Alloy W |
Hastelloy W |
UNS N10004 |
|
AMS 5755 Bar and Forgings |
|
|
Alloy 800 |
Incoloy 800 |
N08800 |
BS 3072 |
AMS 5766 Bar and Forgings |
WS 1.4876 |
|
Alloy 825 |
Incoloy 825 |
UNS N08825 |
BS 3072 |
ASTM B425 |
WS 2.4858 |
|
Alloy 901 |
Nimonic 901 |
UNS N09901 |
|
AMS 5830 Welding Wire |
WS 2.4662 |
|
Alloy 907 |
Incoloy 907 |
UNS N19907 |
|
|
|
|
Alloy 909 |
Incoloy 909 |
UNS N19909 |
|
AMS 5884 Bars, Forgings, Rings |
|
|
Alloy 925 |
Incoloy 925 |
UNS N09925 |
|
|
|
|
Alloy C276 |
Inconel C276 |
UNS N10276 |
|
ASTM B462 |
WS 2.4819 |
|
Alloy 75 |
Nimonic 75 |
UNS N06075 |
BS HR5 Alloy 75 Bar |
|
WS 2.4630 |
AFNOR NC 20T |
Alloy 80A |
Nimonic 80A |
UNS N07080 |
BS 3072 NA20 |
ASTM B637 |
WS 2.4631 |
AFNOR NC 20TA |
Alloy 86 |
Nimonic 86 |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy 90 |
Nimonic 90 |
UNS N07090 |
BS HR2 Alloy 90 bar |
AMS 5829 Welding Wire |
WS 2.4632 |
|
Alloy 263 |
Nimonic 263 |
UNS N07263 |
BS HR10 |
AMS 5872 Sheet Strip and Plate |
WS 2.4650 |
|
Alloy 105 |
Nimonic 105 |
|
BS HR3 |
|
WS 2.4634 |
AFNOR NCKD 20ATv |
Alloy 115 |
Nimonic 115 |
|
BS HR4 |
|
WS 2.4636 |
AFNOR NCK 15ATD |
Alloy PE11 |
Nimonic PE11 |
|
|
|
WS 2.4662 |
AFNOR Z8 NC D38 |
Alloy PE16 |
Nimonic PE16 |
|
BS HR55 |
|
|
AFNOR NW 11AC |
Alloy PK33 |
Nimonic PK33 |
|
DTD 5057 |
|
|
AFNOR NC19 KDu/v |
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Cobalt-Based Super Alloys
Alloy Name |
Trade Name |
UNS No. |
British Specs |
American Specs |
German Specs |
French Specs |
Alloy 25 / L605 |
Haynes 25 |
UNS R30605 |
|
AMS 5537 Sheet |
|
|
Alloy 188 |
Haynes 188 |
UNS R30188 |
|
AMS 5608 Sheet, Strip and Plate |
|
|
Alloy 230 |
Haynes 230 |
UNS N06230 |
|
AMS 5878 Sheet, Strip and Plate |
DIN 17744 No 2.4733 |
NiCr22W14Mo |
MP159 |
MP159 |
UNS R30159 |
|
AMS 5841 Bar |
|
|
MP35N |
MP35N |
UNS R30035 |
|
AMS 5844 VIM VAR Bar |
|
|
Multimet N155 |
Multimet |
UNS R30155 |
|
AMS 5532 Sheet, Plate and Strip |
|
|
Waspaloy |
Waspaloy |
UNS N07001 |
|
AMS 5544 Sheet, Strip and Plate |
WS 2.4654 |
|
Alloy R41 |
Rene 41 |
UNS N07041 |
|
AMS 5545 Sheet, Strip and Plate |
|
|
Cobalt Alloy 6b |
Stellite 6b |
UNS R30016 |
|
AMS 5894 Bar, Sheet, Plate |
|
|
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Low Expansion Nickel-Iron Alloys
Alloy Name |
Trade Name |
UNS No. |
British Specs |
American Specs |
German Specs |
French Specs |
Alloy K |
Kovar |
UNS K94610 |
|
ASTM F15 |
WS 1.3981 |
AFNOR NF A54-301 |
Alloy 36 |
Invar 36 |
UNS K93600 |
|
ASTM F1684 |
WS 1.3912 |
|
Alloy 42 |
Nilo 42 |
UNS K94100 |
|
ASTM F30 |
WS 1.3917 |
DIN 17745 |
Alloy 45 |
Low expansion 45 Alloy |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy 46 |
Glass sealing 46 Alloy |
UNS K94600 |
|
ASTM F30 |
|
|
Alloy 48 |
Nilo 48 |
UNS K94800 |
|
ASTM F30 |
|
|
Alloy 52 |
Glass sealing 52 Alloy |
UNS N14052 |
|
ASTM F30 |
|
|
Alloy 475 |
Nilo 475 |
UNS K95000 |
|
AMS 7718 Bar, Tube and Forgings |
|
|
Mu-Metal |
Hy-Mu 80 |
|
|
MIL-N-14411 C |
|
|
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Special Steels
Alloy Name |
Trade Name |
UNS No. |
British Specs |
American Specs |
German Specs |
French Specs |
Aermet 100 |
|
UNS K92580 |
|
AMS 6532 Bar and Forgings |
|
|
Maraging 250 |
Udimar 250 |
|
BS S162 |
AMS 6512 Bar, Tube, Forgings |
WS 1.6359 |
|
Maraging 300 |
Udimar 300 |
UNS K93120 |
|
AMS 6514 Bar, Tube and Forgings |
WS 1.6354 |
|
Maraging 350 |
Maraging C350 |
|
|
AMS 6515 |
WS 1.6356 |
|
Alloy 20 / 020 |
Carpenter 20Cb-3 |
UNS N08020 |
|
|
WS 2.4660 |
|
Alloy 28 |
Incoloy 028 |
UNS N08028 |
|
|
WS 1.4563 |
|
Alloy 330 |
Incoloy 330 |
|
|
AMS 5716 Sheet and Strip |
|
|
Alloy A-286 |
Incoloy A-286 |
|
|
|
|
|
Provide all grade of these alloy by different shape & size is Our expertise
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Alloy Name |
Trade Name |
UNS No. |
British Specs |
American Specs |
German Specs |
French Specs |
Alloy 22 |
Hastelloy C-22 |
UNS N06022 |
|
|
WS 2.4602 |
|
Alloy 27 |
Glass sealing 27 Alloy |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy 39 |
Low Expansion 39 Alloy |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy 43ph |
Low expansion 43Ph Alloy |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy 77 |
Nilomag 77 |
|
|
AMS 6519 Bar, Tube, Forging |
|
|
Nickel 211 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy 260 |
|
UNS N03260 |
|
AMS 5890 Bar and Forgings |
|
|
Alloy B |
Brightray B |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy C |
Brightray C |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy G-3 |
INCO G-3 |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy B-2 |
Hastelloy B-2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy N |
Hastelloy N |
UNS N10003 |
|
AMS 5771 Bar and Forging |
|
|
Alloy S |
Hastelloy S |
UNS N06635 |
|
AMS 5711 Bar and Forging |
|
|
Alloy 301 |
Duranickel 301 |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy 333 |
RA-33 |
UNS N06333 |
|
AMS 5717 Bar and Forgings |
|
|
Alloy 401 |
Monel 401 |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy 404 |
Monel 404 |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy 450 |
Monel 450 |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy 700 |
Inconel 700 |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy 702 |
Inconel 702 |
UNS N07702 |
|
AMS 5550 Sheet, Strip and Plate |
|
|
Alloy 713C |
Inconel 713C |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy 801 |
Incoloy 801 |
UNS N08801 |
|
AMS 5552 Sheet, Strip and Plate |
|
|
Alloy 903 |
Incoloy 903 |
|
|
|
|
|
Alloy 909 |
Incoloy 909 |
UNS N19909 |
|
AMS 5884 Bar and Forgings |
|
|
|
FM-82 |
UNS N06082 |
|
AMS 5836 Welding Wire |
|
|
Nichrome V |
Nichrome V |
UNS N06003 |
|
AMS 5676 Welding Wire |
|
|
Alloy WE132 |
Inconel we132 |
|
|
MIL-E-6844 ClB |
|
|
Astroloy M |
Astroloy M |
UNS N13017 |
|
AMS 5882 Forgings |
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Disclaimer
Every effort is made to ensure that technical specifications are accurate. However, technical specifications included herein should be used as a guideline only. All specifications are subject to change without notice.